мехри:kīrǝŝ, pl. kīrēŝ, dim. kǝrŝɛnūt 'belly; calf; biceps' [JM 214]
джиббали:s̃irŝ, pl. ekrɛ́ŝ 'belly' [JJ 135]; cf. JIB šurŝ in [JH 70] and kɔ́rŝɔ́t in [SSL 2 223]
харсуси:kēreŝ 'belly' [JH 70]
сокотри:šéreŝ 'estomac' [LS 423], [SSL LS 1461]
NOTES:Note a current meaning shift in TGR kärǝs 'inside' [LH 399] and GUR examples, which are, according to Leslau [LGur 354], perhaps to be identified with the present root with metathesis: END kässǝr 'inside, within, interior' [LGur I 204] and ENN käsǝr 'interior, within' [ibid. 324].
арабский:kūsa/ālat- 'gland de la verge' [BK 2 899]
NOTES:Note that MND kusil (also kusʕil; with a non-motivated -ʕ- probably rendering *-ʔ-) translated as 'fleshy sloth' in [DM 208] and compared to AKK, HBR and ARM forms quoted below [ibid.], is rather related to ARB ksl 'être paresseux, negligent' [BK 2 899] and HBR ksl 'to be stupid' [KB 489].
[Holma 62]: AKK, HBR; [DLU 226]: UGR, AKK, HBR; [KB 489]: HBR, AKK, UGR, ARM, ARB (kisl- 'the string of the bow used for the carding of wool')
NUMBER:2122
PROTO:*kat(a/i)p-
MEANING:(back of) shoulder, shoulder blade
аккадский:katappātu 'sternum or part of the ribs' LL [CAD K 303], [AHw 465].
мехри:katf 'top of the back, back of shoulder' [JM 217]; QISHN kɛtf [SSL 2 224] (note pl. hākǝtū́f [ibid.] with a strange hā- quoted with no comments)
джиббали:kɛtf do. [JJ 137]
харсуси:kǝtf, pl. ǝktōf 'back of shoulder' [JH 71]
NOTES:Note a variety of vocalic patterns: *katap- in AKK and ARB, *katp- in ARM and MSA, *katip- in HBR and ARB, *kitp- in ARB. Note also derived pattern in ETH. ARB borrowing in MSA cannot be excluded
аккадский:kiṣru 'joint of the human or animal body, a feature of the exta' OA on [CAD k 436-], [AHw 488] (the first meaning quoted in both sources is 'knot')
финикийский:ḳṣrt 'ribs' [T 292].
ḳ- <*k- by assimilation to ṣ
библейский арамейский:*ḳǝṭar (pl. ḳiṭrīn) 'Gelenk' [KB deutsch 1773].
In ḳiṭrē ḥarṣēh 'the joints of his hip' (also 'difficult task', presumably from 'knot')
иудейский арамейский:ḳiṭrā 'joint' [Ja 1358].
The basic meaning given by Jastrow is 'knot', but the meaning 'joint' clearly follows from some of the contexts; ḳṭr, pl. ḳyṭryn 'joint (of fingers)' [Sok 488] (the first meaning is 'knot', also 'node of a plant')
мандейский арамейский:giṭra 'ligament (of the body); joint', also 'bond, knot' [DM 90].
g- < *ḳ- by dissimilation of two "emphatic" stops, the process likely inherited by MND from the AKK substratum
арабский:kud_̣r- 'creux au haut de la poitrine, entre les deux clavicules' [BK 1 905]
тигре:(?) ḳäṣir 'penis' [LH 264].
A meaning shift from 'joint' ?
NOTES:Though reconstructed as an anatomic term on the PSEM level, very likely related to, or rather derived from, SEM *k(ʷ)t_̣r 'to bind, knot, fix': AKK kaṣāru 'to tie, bind together, join' OB on [CAD k 257]; SYR ḳǝṭar 'vinxit, ligavit [Brock 661-2], MND gṭr 'to tie, fasten' [DM 88]; ARB kt_̣r 'tailler une coche à l'extrémité de l'arc pour y fixer le nerf' [BK 2 905]; GEZ ḳʷaṣara 'to bind, tie up, knot' [LGz 450] (see other ETH [ibid.]); MHR kǝd_̣áwr 'to knot, tangle' [JM 203] (there is a misprint 'to know' instead of 'to knot' [ibid.]), JIB kɔ́d_̣ɔ́r 'to knot, tangle' [JJ 126]. Note k- > *ḳ by assimilation to -ṣ in PHO, most ARM (but ḳ- > g in MND by dissimilation of two "emphatics") and, probably, TGR.
The TGR example may be related with a shift in meaning and difference in vocalic structure.
Cf. also rākʷǝʕ 'shoulder blade of an animal which serves as a shovel' [ibid. 469], which is, according to Leslau, probably a misprint for rākub; one wonders whether it may be a metathesis of kʷǝrnāʕ (with a loss of -n-?)
тиграй (тигринья):kʷǝrnaʕ 'gomito' [Bass 622]
амхарский:kǝrn 'elbow, point of the elbow' [K 1393], ARG kǝrra 'arm, elbow' [LGur 347]
харари:kuruʔ 'cubit, arm' [LHar 93]
восточноэфиопские:SEL kǝre, WOL hǝri, ZWY hǝrǝ 'arm, cubit, arm below the elbow' [LGur 347]
гураге:GOG SOD kǝrrä, MUH MSQ h_ǝrrä, CHA h_ǝnä, EŽA h_ǝnnä, ENN GYE h_ǝnʔä, MSQ hǝnnä do. [ibid.]
NOTES:One wonders whether there is any connection with *kʷaʕ-(t-) 'joint; ankle; foot' (No. ).
-n- reconstructed on the evidence of part of the ETH examples and HRS may be an old suffix incorporated into the stem and lost in most of SEM as a result of triconsonantization; in this conection note a widespread verbal root krʕ 'to kneel' (HBR, ARB, UGR) likely related to this nominal root.
SEM *-ā- tentatively reconstructed here yields -ā- in HBR, which speaks in favor of the common opinion (see, for example, [Blau 35]) that HBR ā is a regular reflex of SEM *ā in an unstressed position; cf., however, ARM JUD karʕā which cannot be derived from a SEM protoform with *-ā).
AMH kǝnd 'cubit, arm' and GAF kǝndä 'arm' compared by Leslau to this root [LGur 347], see in *kVmd-, No. Placed under kǝrrä is also END h_ǝtnä, hǝtnä [ibid.] with an unexplained inserted dental, which may alternatively be compared to *kVmd-, in any case, with a peculiar phonetic development.
Of interest is JIB kɛrmóʕ/kurũʕ 'heel' [JJ 134] with a possible meaning shift (and -m- <*-n-?). Other MSA examples are possibly related to the present root with metathesis: MHR QISHN rḗkǝn 'joint' [SS L 2 231] (not in [JM]) and SOQ rékin 'os' [LS 400], 'poignet; coude; épaule; phalange; articulation; os' [SS L LS 1469]. There is also SOQ šérʕehan (šerʕan, šérḥan) 'pieds' (pl.) [LS 422]; š may be <*k ("k palatalise quelquefois en š" [LS 24]). However, Johnstone quotes the same SOQ word as ŝǝ́rʕǝhān with ŝ- comparing it to MHR ŝǝráyn 'leg' [JM 382]; also given with ŝ- are SOQ examples in [SSL LS 1473]. Note that in SOQ the forms discussed are attested only as suppletive plural to the singular ŝab/f. If not for MHR ŝǝráyn 'leg', very likely related, ŝ in SOQ in the plural forms quoted by various authors (alongside with those with š) could possibly be explained from š changed by contamination with ŝ of the singular forms.
арабский:ḳibat-, ḳibbat- 'ventricule' [BK 2 657, 670]; (redupl.) ḳabḳab- 'ventre' (cf. also ḳabḳāb- 'vagin', related with a meaning shift?) [ibid. 664]
тигре:ḳäbbät 'a stuffed goat's stomach' [LH 250].
Cf. ḳäbät 'midst; lower part' [ibid.], with a plausible meaning shift
тиграй (тигринья):ḳobo 'ernia' [Bass 262]
NOTES:A "biconsonantal" root with a full reduplication in AKK (if related, see below) and doubling of the second radical in part of the forms in ARB and TGR.
Note a possibility of an alternative origin of the AKK forms from *ḳurḳub-ān-/t- (cf. *ḳa/urḳa/ub-, No. ).
Cf. presumably derived verbal forms in ETH: GEZ ḳabawa 'to be afflicted with dropsy, be distended (stomach), be inflated' [LGz 420], TNA ḳaba 'enflamento di ventre prodotto da lunga fiebre' [Bass 262], ḳʷäḳʷäbä (redupl.) 'essere, divenire rachitico, cioè colla pancia grossa e il resto magro e stecchito' [ibid. 296], AMH ḳibb alä 'to be swollen, to be full of food (stomach)' [K 765]; the additional meaning 'inflated, swollen, full' is probably to be accounted for by contamination with ETH *ḳubḳub- 'to swell': TNA ḳubḳub bälä 'to swell' [LGz 420] (not in [Bass]), AMH ḳʷǝḳʷǝb alä 'to appear on the skin (blisters), to swell' [K 849].
Cf. what looks a variant root in AMH ḳäfät 'paunch, belly with wads of fat' [K 770]; note also ḳǝfǝd 'fatness of the belly due to wads of fat' [ibid], with obscure -d.
современные арамейские:(?) MLH kotke 'Schädel' [J Mlah 180].
Can it be eventually from *ḳVdḳVd-?
арабский:muḳadd- 'le derrière de la tête et du cou comprise entre les deux oreilles' [BK 2 683]
харари:ēḳäd 'front, forward, chief, head' [LHar 30] (<*ʔV-ḳad, with the prefix?)
NOTES:A reduplicated stem in all SEM except ARB (a secondary formation) and HAR (likely preserving a non-reduplicated stem, though with the ʔV- prefix). Note ETH EAST: SEL WOL ZWY ḳädä 'forward, in front of, before' [LGur 472], with a current semantic shift 'head' > 'front' (see HAR below); according to Leslau, from ḳdm 'to advance, to be first, etc.' with a strange explanation "with loss of m through spirantization" [Holma 11]: AKK,HBR [KB 1071]: HBR,JUD,UGR,AKK,
еврейский (иврит):PB ḳīḳ 'abnormally large membrum virile' [Ja 1367], 'abnormally large testicles' [ibid. apud Arukh].
Cf. also ḳayyān 'one having abnormally large testicles' [ibid. 1359]
арабский:ḳīḳat- 'pellicule très-mince sous la coque de l'oeuf' [BK 2 847], ḳīḳiyy- 'blanc d'oeuf' [ibid.]
харари:č̣iḳāy 'egg of the louse' [LHar 52] (č̣ < *ḳ before i)
NOTES:A difficult case. Meanings very diverse, though all semantic shifts are quite tenable like 'egg' > 'testicle' in HBR PB (cf. RUS яичко meaning both 'little egg' and 'testiculus').
HBR PB ḳayyān suggests a non-reduplicated stem underlying SEM *ḳīḳ-(at-), which is probably to be reconstructed as *ḳayḳay- (cf. -y as a third radical in ARB ḳīḳiyy- and HAR č̣iḳāy, below).
Note presumably derived forms in ARB ḳyḳ 'glousser (se dit des poules)' [BK 2 847] and TGR ḳeḳe hallet, said of a hen that clucks when she has laid an egg [LH 247].
Cf. TNA č̣aḳʷit 'pulcino' [Bass 934], possibly from *ḳaḳʷ-it-, related to 'egg' with a meaning shift. Cf. also TNA AMH ARG č̣ač̣ut; EAST: HAR č̣āč̣u, SEL č̣ǝwč̣ǝwä, WOL č̣uč̣iyye; GUR: GYE č̣ǝwač̣wǝyä, etc. 'chick' [LGur 191]; all these example all probably not from č̣uč̣a balä 'to twitter', as Leslau asserts [ibid.], but from *ḳ(ʷ)aḳ(ʷ)ay-t- (on cases of palatalization of ḳ to č̣ see [ibid. XXXIX]), to be compared to the present root.
There is another ETH term for 'egg', *ʔanḳʷaḳʷVḥ-, likely related to this one: GEZ ʔanḳoḳǝho, ʔǝnḳoḳǝho, ʔanḳoḳʷǝho, ʔǝnḳoḳʷǝho, ʔanḳoḳǝḥo, ʔǝnḳoḳǝho [LGz 31] (note that forms with -l compared by Leslau should be separated), TGR ʔǝnḳoḳḥo [LH 372] (cf. also ḳoḳaḥ 'frankoline partridge' [ibid. 248]), TNA ʔǝnḳʷaḳʷǝḥo [Bass 529]; GAF anḳʷä [LGaf 180]; EAST: HAR aḳuḥ [LHar 30] (*-n- assimilated?), WOL ǝnḳaḳot, ǝnḳaʔot, ZWY ǝnḳāḳu [LGur 68]; GUR: EŽA MUH MSQ GOG anḳʷä, SOD anḳo [ibid.]. The Auslaut -ḥ in ETH lacking in other SEM (see, however, SYR ḳawḳiḥ 'clamavit (gallina)' [Brock 656]) may possibly be explained by contamination with ETH *ʔVn-ḳulaliḥ- 'egg' (see *ḳa(w)ḥil-, No. ); cf. also [Takač МHЕ] on the hypothetic prefixed or suffixed element ḥ denoting body parts in AFRASIAN
NOTES:Highly problematic. Relies mainly or only on AKK and ARB, metathetical to each other; MSA *ḳalb- is rather an Arabism.
Note also ETH: GEZ ḳalb 'thought, wish' [LGz 427], TGR ḳälb 'wish, will', (poet.) 'heart' [LH 233], TNA ḳälbi 'mente, ragione' [Bass 243]; AMH ḳälb 'heart, mind, intelligence' [K 686]; EAST: HAR ḳälbi 'heart' [LHar 124], SEL ḳälb 'heart, intelligence' [LGur I 1008], WOL ḳälb 'intelligence' [ibid. 1170]; GUR: ENN END GYE MUH MSQ GOG ḳälb, CHA EZ̆A GYE ḳärb 'intelligence, innerself' [LGur 475]. All these forms are considered Arabisms in [LGz 427], [LGur 475], which looks convincing; cf., however, such verbal forms as TGR ḳälbä 'to wish' [LH 232], ḳälläbä 'avoir l'intention' [ibid., apud Munz], which are not necessarily borrowed.
Cf. *ḳarb- 'inner part, middle (of the body)' (No. ).
Cf. kup, kop 'top of skull' [ibid. 289] (a variant root?)
харари:ḳafät 'forehead' [LHar 122]
восточноэфиопские:SEL WOL ZWY ḳäfät do. [LGur 373]
мехри:ḳǝfē 'back' [JM 226]
джиббали:ḳéfɛ́ do. [JJ 142]
харсуси:ḳefē do. [JH 74]
NOTES:Meanings very diverse, the AFRASIAN data supporting 'occiput, back of the head', which is the only one to account for such semantic shifts as 'back of the head' > 'head' > 'forehead' (ETH EAST) and 'back of the head' > 'back' (MSA).
[Brock 683]: SYR, JUD (ḳǝpāyā, not in [Ja]; translated as 'Umgebung, Zubehör (eig. was darin ist)' in [Lewy IV 353])
арабский:ḳard- 'cou' [BK 2 709], ḳurdūd- 'dos (toute la largeur du dos chez l'homme depuit les fesses jusqu'aux épaules)' [ibid. 710], ḳurdūdat- 'le haut du dos' [ibid.].
Cf. ḳirdiʕat- 'cou' [ibid.] with an unexplained -ʕ
мехри:ḳard 'voice; throat' [JM 235]
джиббали:ḳɛrd 'throat' [JJ 148]
харсуси:ḳard 'throat' [JH 77]
сокотри:ḳǝyrɔd (pl.) 'throat' (sing. ḳár) [JJ 148]; see also [SSL LS 1463]
NOTES:Scarcely attested in ARB and MSA only. Less likely an ARB loan in MSA in view of some meaning differences; cf. also a developed series of derived verbal forms in MSA, such as JIB ḳɔ́rɔ́d 'to catch, cut so's throat', ḳɔ́trǝd 'to be strangled; to have a sore throat' [JJ 148].
Cf. *gar(i)d-, No.
NUMBER:2135
PROTO:*ḳa/urḳa/ub-
MEANING:stomach, entrails
еврейский (иврит):PB ḳorḳǝbān 'the thick muscular stomach of birds, crow' [Ja 1344]
NOTES:C. SEM only. Cf., however, AKK kukkubātu, kukkubānu, ḳuḳḳubātu, ḳuḳḳubānu 'part of the animal stomach' LL [CAD k 499] (in [AHw 500] these forms are understood as fem. and masc. pl. of kukkubu 'ein Opfergefäss' and translated as 'Magen des Schweins'). Of these forms, ḳuḳḳubātu and ḳuḳḳubānu may in principle represent *ḳurḳubān/tu, with assimilation of *-r-, and be related to the present root especially in view of a striking similarity of ḳuḳḳubānu to the ARM and HBR PB forms in stem structure.
современные арамейские:NSYR ḳāna 'Horn' [MP 122] MMND ḳarna [M MND 506] (given in brackets while a common term for 'horn' is šax) [M MND 506] IRAN *ḳānā (is written ḳrnʔ) 'il corno': c. suff. ḳânu 'il corno di lui'
мандейский арамейский:ḳarna [DM 403]
арабский:ḳarn- [BK 2 727]
геэз (древнеэфиопский):ḳarn [LGz 442]
тигре:ḳär, ḳärn [LH 242]
тиграй (тигринья):ḳärni [Bass 255]
амхарский:ḳänd [K 791] (for *rn > nd in AMH see [Podolsky 51])
гафат:ḳänd [Gaf 224]
харари:ḳär [LHar 128]
восточноэфиопские:SEL WOL ZWY ḳär [LGur 494]
гураге:MUH GOG ḳär, CHA ENN END GYE ḳän, EZ̆A MSQ ḳänn [ibid.]
мехри:ḳōn (pl. ḳǝrūn) [JM 236]
джиббали:ḳun (pl. ḳérún) [JJ 150].
Note ḳǝrnút 'womb' representing, if not homonymous, an unusual semantic development
харсуси:ḳōn (pl. ḳerōn) [JH 77]
сокотри:ḳan (pl. ḳírihon) [LS 377]
NOTES:Possibly <*ḳar-n-, cf. TGR ḳär with no traces of the lost *-n and similar forms in ETH EAST and GUR.
For discussion, AFRASIAN and broader connections (in KARTVELIAN and INDO-EUROPEAN), cf. [Dolg 1994 270-71].
Cf. SAB ḳrn 'to fight; to guard, to protect' [SD 107] with a possible meaning shift.
While kiṣa/illu is <*ḳiṣa/illu with a regular dissimilation of two 'emphatic' consonants, kisa/illu lacks explanation. Loss of -r- through assimilation (<*kissallu)?
еврейский (иврит):*ḳarsullayim (dual, att. only with suff.: ḳarsullāw) 'ankles' [KB 1146]
-ā- may point either to *-aw or to *-al (cf. ḳāb 'mind, heart' <*ḳalb; gɛ̄d 'skin' <*gild, etc.; see [ibid. XIII])
NOTES:The original form probably to be reconstructed as *ḳVrs-aw-/Vll- {} *ḳVrc-aw-/Vll-, with a secondary assimilation of s > ṣ under the influence of ḳ-.
There are forms with -l(l) in AKK, HBR, ARM (and probably MHR) vs. forms without it in ETH (note -aw in TGR) and probably MHR.
Note prefixed ʔVn- in ETH EAST and GUR.
Cf. ETH EAST: SEL ḳosä; GUR: GYE ḳʷärsa, ḳorsa, CHA EŽA ḳʷansa, END ḳosa, etc. 'wing' [LGur 501] possibly related with a meaning shift.
Note ETH *ḳ(ʷ)arč̣am-it- <*ḳ(ʷ)arṣam-it-, obviously related to the present root with suffixed -m: TGR ḳärč̣amǝt 'cheville du pied' [LH 245 apud D'Abb], AMH ḳʷǝrč̣ǝmč̣ǝmit (redupl.) 'ankle, ankle-bone' [K 746] (cf. also TNA ḳǝrṭǝmat 'artrite, dolore e inflammazione agli arti' [Bass 258], where ṭ cannot be <*ṣ; on the other hand, this word is not necessarily related to TGR and AMH forms in -m considering difference in meaning).
Cf. SOQ QALAN-B kárṭɔllǝh 'mollet' [SSL LS 1461], also [SSL 4 95]; to be treated as a variant root, since SOQ ṭ can reflect *ṭ ot *t_̣, but not *ṣ.
Cf. *ḳ(ʷ)ayṣ- or *ḳ(ʷ)aṣy- 'joint, point of connection between bones' (No. ); *ki/ut_̣r- 'joint (of the finger, ribs)' (No. ); *ku/arsūʕ- 'articulation' (No. ).
In [LS 369] quoted as ḳehélihen, pl. ḳahélehon (with a remark: "aussi avec ḥ")
NOTES:Scarcely attested: ETH and MSA only, compared as metathetic roots.
Cf. MSA: MHR ḳǝlḥáyn [JM 230], JIB ḳiẑḥún [JJ 143] 'mussel', with a tenable meaning shift.
[LGur 70]: GUR forms meaning 'egg' united with those denoting 'testicles' and both compared to ARB (MGHR) ḳǝlwä 'testicles' and AMH ḳula and HAR kūr; [LS 369]: SOQ, MSA, GEZ (ʔanḳoḳḥo), AMH (ǝnḳʷǝlal)
According to both dictionaries, from SUM (gal4 'Scham, Vulva' [IK 301]). Cf. also maḳlālu, a name for female genitals, SB [CAD 251]; according to [AHw 607], 'Geringes', vulva (i.e. interpeted as a form derived from ḳalālu 'to be thin, small'), which seems rather a folk etymology
арабский:(?) ḥlḳ 'avoir la verge écorchée et rouge à la suite du coit' [BK 1 481].
NOTES:Highly problematic. To be cancelled if AKK is a Sumerism, which is hard to prove; in this case the ETH examples are probably to be regarded as a meaning shift from 'egg' (see *ḳa(w)ḥil- ~ *ʔVn-ḳulaliḥ- 'egg', No. ).
Cf. ARB ḥlḳ 'avoir la verge écorchée et rouge à la suite du coit' [BK 1 481] (related with metathesis and a meaning shift?); cf. also MGR ḳǝlwä 'testicles' [LGur 70] (note that in MGR dialects ḥ is normally preserved).
Cf. ETH forms with somewhat unusual phonetic development: SEL ūnḳulābčä [LGur 70], WOL mʷanḳulabče 'testicles' [ibid. 411]; MSQ ǝnḳulalčä do. [ibid. 70] (on -č < -t see [ibid. LVIII-LXII]; on "w becoming b through pseudo-correction or false reconstruction" see [ibid. LXXXII]).
Note HAR kūr 'testicles' [LHar 93]; according to Leslau, from CUSH, which is probable in view of irregular k- and -r.
